Sex Films and BBFC Cuts

by Nacho Vidal
Cuts of 3m 57s were required for abusive scenarios, abusive references and obscenity (instances of gagging during fellatio, unclear consent during fellatio, references to 'daddy' and 'daughter' during sex, and urolagnia)

by Not known
Not known
67m 38s. Cuts of 0m 4s were required to sight of still images of animation-style child and Japanese cartoon character, and teenage animation-style characters involved in sexually explicit acts on the grounds of potential harm.

• US 2012 Distribpix R0 DVD at Adult Video Universe and via US Amazon

• UK 1988 Sheptonhurst VHS

Note the R18 was still softcore only in 1988. Hardcore R18s did not appear until legalisation in 2000.

• UK 1988 Lazer VHS

• Usual cutting of all hardcore
• Deletion of implied anal penetration with a guy's thumb
• Cuts to a man dropping hot wax onto woman
• Cuts to a woman pouring hot wax on herself
• Length of sex scenes cut for the hell of it
• Cuts of all indications of a three-way scene with a woman and two men
• A groping of a woman by two masked men offended the BBFC and was cut

A truely despicable effort from the BBFC who presume that they sit in moral judgement over us. Anal sex is not illegal nor is it illegal to have three in a bed. Why should 4 minutes of softcore sex be wrong when 3 minutes is OK?

• 2025 88 Films (RB) Blu-ray at UK Amazon #ad

• 1974 Cinecenta Film Dist cinema release (rated 08/03/1974) titled Naked Sex
• 1974 Cinecenta Film Dist cinema release (rated 08/03/1974) titled Le Sexe Nu

by Gazzman (Harmony)
Submitted in 2007, running time171:22s
Cut by 4 5s. Cut for (1) a focus on choking during restrained fellatio and (2) sustained face slapping whilst restrained. There was also a compulsory cut for urination during sexual activity.

by Ariana Jollee
Ariana Jollee, Benjamin Brat, Jada Fire, Buster Good, BAd Bob, Jackie Moore, Audrey Hollander.
104m 35s. Cuts of 14m 1s were required. The cuts were Compulsory. Cuts required to remove the sight of abusive and potentially dangerous acts (gagging during deep throat fellatio and breath restriction) and also to remove the sight of urolagnia.

Cut in 2006 with the following BBFC comment: The cuts were Cuts for Category. Company chose to remove images of unsimulated sexual activity (in this case, oral/genital contact and vaginal penetration) in order to achieve a requested 18 classification

Cut in 2006 with the following BBFC comment: The cuts were Cuts for Category. Cut required to a scene of sexual detail (semen or liquid resembling semen present on woman's genitals)

Cut in 2007 with the following BBFC comment: Company chose to remove images of unsimulated sexual activity (dildo penetration of vagina; and oral-genital contact during cunnilingus) An uncut R18 was available to the distributor

The BBFC cut the 2007 Asphyxiation DVD by 3:38s. Distributor chose to remove shots of clearly unsimulated sexual activity (in this case, vaginal penetration with penis and dildo and oral genital contact). An R18 uncut was available to the distributor.

by Christophe Clarke (Harmony)
submitted in 2008, running time 196:20s
Cut by 3:36s: Compulsory cuts were required to remove scenes of urination during sex. Additional cuts were to remove scenes of throat grabbing, choking and gagging during fellatio

by Christopher Alexander
Not known
139m 26s. Cuts of 2m 43s were required to remove all verbal references to underage sex.

Not known
Jaimee, Alysha, Danyelle, RebecaHeaven, Lesley, Breana, Caitlynn.
131m 28s. Cuts of 3m 20s were required., some or all of these cuts were substitutions. The cuts were Compulsory. Cuts required to remove sight of a man pressing down hard on a woman's head during intercourse and of potentially dangerous vaginal penetration with chopsticks

Natalie K: Dogging in the Sun is a 2018 adult video

Passed R18 for strong images of real sex after 14s of compulsory BBFC cuts ( 86:48s ) :

• This work had Compulsory cuts made. Cuts required to remove abusive and potentially harmful activity, in this case verbal choking references..

by Bob Bennett & Jim Slip (Darker Enterprises)
With Michelle B, Paige Ashley, Tammy, Harmony Hex.
Submitted in 2007, running time 109:57s
Cut by 2s. Distributor was required to remove sight of a woman stroking another woman's nipple while she urinates

by Bob Bennett & Jim Slip (Darker Enterprises)
With Keeley, Angelique, Tracey Lain, Sandie Cain.
Submitted in 2007, running time 106:44s
Cut by 9:55s. Cuts required to urination during sexual activity

18:37s pre-cut and a further 21:44s cut by the BBFC

by Moli
Joy, Anja-Juliette Iaval, Susi Webstar, Marita, Edina, Melinda, Pierre Iaval, Conny Dachs, Poppei.
110m 6s. Cuts of 0m 35s were required., some or all of these cuts were substitutions. The cuts were Compulsory. Distributor required to remove 'Teeny' logo

Not known
Not known.
168m 52s. Cuts of 18m 50s were required. The cuts were Compulsory. Cuts were required to a scenario encouraging an interest in underage sex (including dialogue reference saying 'you can't tell your dad') and to a scene of abuse (a woman gagging and choking during fellatio)

• 2007 Showbox R2 DVD
• 1997 Medusa VHS

The BBFC cuts were:

• at 66 minutes. After woman says slut during S&M sequence showing one woman whipping another, remove all sight of woman's buttocks being whipped and of reddening buttocks, resuming on close side view of woman's bottom.

• 1988 Sheptonhurst VHS

• 1971 cinema release

Cut in 2006 with the following BBFC comment: Distributor chose to remove instance of unsimulated oral-genital contact

Cut in 2006 with the following BBFC comment: Distributor chose to remove clear sight of oral-genital contact (cunnilingus). An R18 was available to the distributor .

UK: Passed R18 for strong images of real sex after 59s of BBFC compulsory cuts for:

• 2017 Darker Enterprises video

• Cuts required to remove sight of activity, and accompanying dialogue, encouraging the restriction of oxygen during sex.

UK: Passed R18 for strong images of real sex after 10s of BBFC compulsory cuts for:

• 2015 Simply Pleasure video

• Cut made to the title to remove potential encouragement of in interest in underage sex.

The original title is Naughty School Girl

• 2018 Vinegar Syndrome R0 DVD at US Amazon

• 1990 Video Excellence (U.K.) VHS

(Erigo Distribution)
With Ashley Johnson, Mimi Allen
Submitted in 2008, running time 87:57s
Cut by 40s Company were required to remove text constituting an illegal offer to supply R18 material via mail order.

(Phoenix)
Submitted in 2007, running time 172:46s.
Cut by 4:17s. Cuts were required to remove dangerous and abusive activity (forcible head holding during deep throat fellatio with gagging, fear and discomfort)

by Mark Wood
Not known.
201m 38s. Cuts of 2m 41s were required. The cuts were Compulsory. The distributor was required to make compulsory cuts to references (including the title itself) which had the potential to encourage an interest in underage / abusive sexual activity, and potentially harmful sexual activity (choking / breathing restriction)

(Phoenix Films)
Submitted in 2007, running time 113:28s
Cut by 41s. Cuts were required to abusive and potentially harmful behaviour (a performer covering a second performer's mouth and nose with his hand) and references likely to encourage an interest in underage sex (performers talking about underage sexual activity)

(Phoenix Films)
With Victoria Vonn, Nataly.
Submitted in 2008, running time 166:33s
Cut by 41s. One compulsory cut was required to remove sight of uroalgnia (urination accompanying sexual activity)

Dick Hooker (Playhouse)
With Amanda, Nikki Sun, Sunny Jay, Cassandra Deville, Sarah Blue, Lisa Rose, Alex, Bruno Sx, Titus Steele, Leslie Taylor.
Submitted in 2008, running time 132:50s
Cut by 28s. One cut was required to remove sight of breath restriction (specifically, a woman having her throat squeezed hard during sexual activity)

The BBFC cut the 2008 Pegasus DVD by 50s: Distributor was required to remove the word 'underage' from the title

Cut in 2006 with the following BBFC comment: Company chose to remove images of explicit sexual activity (in this case, clear sight of cunnilingus)

Cut in 2007 with the following BBFC comment: The distributor chose to remove explicit sex images (in this case oral-genital contact during clearly unsimulated cunnilingus and vaginal penetration with fingers) to achieve an '18' certificate. An 'R18' uncut was available to the distributor.

Cut in 2006 with the following BBFC comment: Distributor chose to cut clear sight of unsimulated dildo penetration. An R18 category was available to the distributor

• 2008 Pegasus R2 DVD at UK Amazon

• 2020 Severin Films Al Adamson Collection Limited Edition RA Blu-ray at US Amazon

• 1987 Video Programme Dists VHS

• 1974 cinema release

by Gia Darling (Phoenix Films)
Submitted in 2007, running time 103:51s
Cut by 2:11s. Cut required to scenes of potential harm in a sexual context (in this case sight of a small thermometer being inserted into man's anus) and an injection into the penis of unknown substance)

by Artie Nolan
Felix Vicious
113m 53s. Cuts of 0m 13s were required to work's title to remove references to underage sexual activity.

by Artie Nolan
82m 42s
Cuts of 3m 25s were required to remove sight and sounds of choking, gagging and discomfort, while a woman is restrained during fellatio; to remove aggressive grabbing of woman's throat by man and to title caption containing the word "teen"

by Dow Jones
Dominica Leoni,Layla Jade
69m 6s. Cuts of 0m 3s were required to a title which suggested that the content of the sex tape was illicit.

129m 36s. 3m 25s Cuts were required to sight of anal penetration with police baton

UK: Passed R18 for strong images of real sex after 5:54s of BBFC compulsory cuts for:

• 2015 Simply Pleasure video

• Cuts required to remove sequences of abusive and potentially harmful sexual activity, in this case a focus on gagging during oral sex and accompanying references, and throat-gripping with accompanying dialogue encouraging breath restriction. Cuts were also required to remove repeated sequences of liquid being expelled from genitals, smeared on a person and consumed. These cuts are made in accordance with current interpretation of the Obscene Publications Act 1959.

by Mike FreemanJamie
Woods,Angel-Long
59m 45s. Cuts of 0m 13s were required. Cut for R18 required to remove abusive dialogue referring to underage sexual activity.

by Not known
Neil Down,Phil Mycock
102m 46s. Cuts of 0m 12s were required to sight of written reference to children during a sex act. Current interpretation of BBFC guidelines and policy does not permit such a scene at any classification.

The BBFC cut the 2007 DVD by 4:27s. Company chose to remove images of clearly unsimulated sexual activity (oral-genital contact and penetration). An R18 uncut was available.

Not known
Not known.
55m 32s. Cuts of 2m 50s were required. The cuts were Compulsory. Cut required to remove sight of a long thin object being inserted into a woman's vagina,

by Danny Case
Vanessa Michaels, Ashley Jordan, Krista Lynn Lovely, Mark Wood.
130m 36s. Cuts of 5m 11s were required. The cuts were Compulsory. Cuts were required to remove two verbal references to sexual activity below the legal age of consent and to gagging during deep throat fellatio

Cut in 2006 with the following BBFC comment:
The cuts were Compulsory., The cuts were Cuts for Category. Distributor was required to make a compulsory cut to remove a reference to under-age sex and one cut for category to remove sight of a man inserting his fingers into a woman's vagina. Both cuts were made

by Lee G (Queensway)
With Sweet Sinacion, Mesha Taylor, Misty, Miss Aleera Flair.
Submitted in 2007, running time 116:33s
Cut by 1:13s. Distributor was obliged to remove dialogue references to underage sex

Cut in 2006 with the following BBFC comment: The cuts were Cuts for Category. Distributor chose to make several cuts to explicit sexual detail (vibrator penetration) in line with BBFC policy and guidelines

Cut in 2006 with the following BBFC comment: Company chose to cut incidents of clear sexual detail (in this case sight of clearly unsimulated digital penetration during masturbation)

Cut in 2006 with the following BBFC comment:
The cuts were Compulsory. Cuts required to remove reference to "teen" on the grounds of encouraging an interest in underage sex,

The inner labia is out for 18 rated videos.

Cut in 2006 with the following BBFC comment: Distributor chose to cut shots of clearly unsimulated sexual activity ( vaginal penetration by dildo ). An R18 without cuts was available to the distributor.

by Chris Streams
Paloma, Kat, Nika, Harmony, Deja Daire, Tiana Lynn, Choky Ice
148m 42s. Cuts of 0m 52s were required., some or all of these cuts were substitutions. The cuts were Compulsory. Company removed one scene of aggressive fellatio, under BBFC Policy and Guidelines, on the grounds of potential harm. An uncut certification was not available.

by Chris Streams
Bailey, Victoria Sweet, Mark Ashley, Tiffany Hopkins.
143m 43s. Cuts of 0m 58s were required. The cuts were Compulsory.
Cuts required to sight of woman gagging during fellatio,

3:25s unofficial pre-cuts

35:00s unofficial pre-cuts

33:25s unofficial pre-cuts with a further 19:08s cut by the BBFC

Cut in 2006 with the following BBFC comment: Company chose to remove explicit images of fellatio, cunnilingus and vaginal penetration with penis and dildo.

Cut in 2009 with the following BBFC comment: Company chose to remove sequences of explicit sexual activity (in this case, female masturbation, digital penetration of vagina, penile penetration of vagina and sight of liquid resembling semen on face). An uncut 'R18' classification was available to the company.

Rejected in 2009 with the BBFC justification:

NF713 takes the form of an extended sequence in which a man tortures a woman psychologically, physically and sexually. The woman is bound and restrained throughout and the man in question is in a position of absolute power and control over her. The man tortures the woman in order to make her confess her crimes against an unnamed 'State' but his ultimate aim is to break her down and make her fully compliant, eradicating her individuality and making her a mere number, 'NF713'. The man employs a variety of techniques ranging from invasive questioning about her body and her sexual life to genital torture with forceps and electricity, makeshift waterboarding, beatings and forced urination. The torture is unremitting and takes up the majority of the work's 73 minute running time. Throughout large sections the woman is naked or semi-naked and her nudity is focussed upon, particularly in the later portions of the work. The work concludes with a series of black and white stills of the woman, bound and restrained.

In the BBFC's view, the primary purpose of NF713 is to sexually arouse the viewer at the sight of a woman being sexually humiliated, tortured and abused. As such it constitutes a 'sex work', which is defined by the BBFC's Guidelines as a work whose 'primary purpose is sexual arousal or stimulation'. The focus on the woman's naked, humiliated body together with the conventional BDSM aspects of the later part of the work lend credence to the view that sexual arousal is its primary intent, as do the closing series of black and white stills which strongly resemble conventional erotic fetish photography. The BBFC operates a strict policy on sex works and does not issue classification to such works if they depict non consensual sexual activity (whether real or simulated), the infliction of pain or physical harm (whether real or simulated) or sexual threats, humiliation or abuse that do not form part of a clearly consenting role-playing game. NF713focuses exclusively on these elements of non-consensual activity, pain, humiliation and abuse and takes the form of a dramatic scenario in which the viewer is invited to believe that what is being shown is 'real'. Unlike many BDSM works it is not apparent that what is occurring is part of a consensual role play where the roles are clearly set out and, in any case, the Guidelines preclude the kind of strong abuse on offer here, even if consent is established.

Even if one were to take the view that the primary purpose of NF713 is to explore the nature of torture in dramatic form, the work would still be in clear breach of the BBFC's Guidelines and policies on sexual violence. The unbroken sequence of sexual torture and humiliation means that the work runs the risk (whether intentionally or unintentionally) of eroticising sexual violence and thereby causing harm to viewers. The work invites the audience to relish sight of – and be sexually aroused by - a restrained and helpless woman being sexually molested, humiliated and tortured. Such a complete focus on sexual violence, together with the elements of eroticism provided by the nudity and semi-nudity of the female victim, runs a real risk of eroticising sexual violence in a potentially harmful and dangerous manner.

The BBFC considered the possibility of cuts. However, given the extent of unacceptable material and the pervasive theme of sexual violence and sexual threat, cuts were not considered a viable option on this occasion.

See article from nikiflynn.com : I am Not a Number

I've just spent the last few days being tortured and interrogated for Control & Reform Productions. The film is called Enemy of the State [Since renamed to NF713] and it's the dark brainchild of China Hamilton and me.

It's somewhere between Closet Land and 1984 - but with no faking of the torture scenes. It's set in a non-specific police state and I've been arrested for distributing anti-State pamphlets. As such, I no longer warrant a name; I'm simply NF-713. My soft-spoken interrogator gradually convinces me to cooperate through various kind and caring methods, as he only wants to help me. Help comes in various forms, as does corrective treatment:

Bastinado, back whipping, breast whipping, electric shocks, hydrotherapy , medical torture, brainwashing, force-feeding… Except for the use of a small whip in one scene, my bottom was actually spared. (How's that for a first?) I was wrecked by the end of the shoot, still crying after the cameras stopped rolling.

Niki Flynn also speaks at length about the BBFC rejection notice: R is for "rejected"

The British Board of Film Censors has just examined my naked, humiliated body in exhaustive detail and declared it potentially harmful and dangerous.

While I'm not too surprised the film didn't get an 18 certificate, I'm actually fairly disturbed by some of the alarmist language in the rejection note.

The note describes the unremitting torture inflicted throughout the film, making it sound far worse and more graphic than it actually is. Frankly, in the cut submitted to the BBFC there is very little actual abuse shown and the focus is mostly on the psychological aspects of interrogation and the resulting Stockholm Syndrome. But they felt its primary intent was to sexually arouse the viewer and as such it's a sex work and the non-consensuality makes it unsuitable for the British public, who are apparently likely to become rapists and torturers after viewing such a dangerous film.

...Read the full article

by Vince Vouyer
Mina,Phoenix,Summer Lynn
139m 47s. Cuts of 3m 17s were required Cuts require to scenes featuring references to sexual development during childhood (in the context of an explicit sex work) and to scenes featuring sight of a man asphyxiating a woman.

by Vince Vouyer
Not known
139m 21s. Cuts of 1m 17s were required to remove dialogue references with the potential to encourage an interest in underage sexual activity.

by Nikita Denise
Nikita Denise, Brittney Skye, Barbara Summer, Sandra, Romaine, Iva Angelina, Tommy Gunn. Randy Spears.
95m 54s. Cuts of 0m 6s were required. The cuts were Compulsory. Compulsory dialogue cut for R18 required to remove dialogue reference to underage sexual activity,

Cut in 2006 with the following BBFC comment: The cuts were Compulsory. Cuts required to dialogue references likely to promote or encourage an interest in illicit underage sexual activity

Mia, De'Bella, Anastasia, Ginger Spice
Submitted in 2007: 91:20s Cuts of 1:34s required to remove obscenity elements in R18 adult work (two instances of urolagnia)

Unofficial pre-cuts of 4:30s with an additional 3:25s cut by the BBFC

All the hardcore was pre-cut from the video but our holier-than-thou censors went further and demanded the removal of scenes showing three-way sex. Is three way, heterosexual sex illegal? does it cause harm? What on earth is the justification?

Unofficial pre-cuts of 27:00 with a further 2:33s cut by the BBFC

Man on man fellatio deleted

Unrated

UK: The European Version was passed 18 uncut for:

• UK 2002 20th Century Fox R2 DVD at UK Amazon
• UK 1996 20th Century Fox VHS
• UK 1987 CBS/Fox VHS
• UK 1986 cinema release

US: The European Version is Uncut and MPAA Unrated for:

• US 2012 Warner R0 Blu-ray via UK Amazon and at US Amazon
• US 2009 Warner R1 DVD at US Amazon

by Skye Blue
Nina Hartley, Kylie Ireland, Amber Michaels, Brittany O'Connell
Submitted in 2006: 95m 04s. Cuts of 33m 44s required to actual/potential harm (welts and marks left on bodies during caning/whipping, asphyxiation), abusive behaviour during sex (slapping faces) and potential restriction of consent (covering mouths of bound women during caning/whipping)

Available uncut from Adult Video Universe

fetish film by Ernest Greene (Asphyxiation)
With Nina Hartley, Layla Jack, Flick Shagwell, Amber Michaels, Anna Mills.
Submitted in 2008, running time 112:38s
Cut by 1:14s. Distributor was obliged to remove sight of female performer being subjected to BDSM acts while bound and gagged.

The BBFC cut 16:26s for the 2008 Asphyxiation DVD: Distributor chose to cut several instances of clearly unsimulated sexual activity. 'R18' uncut was available to the distributor.

Not known
Not known.
65m 26s. Cuts of 5m 25s were required., some or all of these cuts were substitutions. The cuts were Compulsory.
Cuts required to potentially harmful sexual activity (a glass test tube inserted into a woman's anus) to obtain an R18

by Kovi
Leila, Mandy Bright
119m 38s. Cuts of 1m 39s were required to add rate details to advert for UK premium rate phone line or remove this section in toto.

101m 2s. 27m 42s Compulsory cuts required to remove abusive, degrading and dehumanising activity (face slapping, head forced under running tap, gagging during deep throat fellatio), to scenes of potential harm in a sexual context (restriction of air and bloody supply through throat holding and nose squeezing), and to an abusive scenario (in this case, role - play in which a father and mother sexually abuse their young child)

(Black Chop)
Submitted in 2010, running time 102:27s
Cut by 3:03s. Cuts were required to a trailer within the main work

The BBFC cut the 2009 Darker Enterprises DVD by 7:14s. Distributor chose to cut explicit sexual detail (oral genital contact, vaginal penetration and sustained and vigorous masturbation). An 'R18' without cuts was available to the distributor.

by Chico Wang
Roxy Jezel
134m 32s. Cuts of 4m 43s were required., some or all of these cuts were substitutions. The cuts were Compulsory. Compulsory cuts were required to remove images of abusive and potentially harmful sexual activity (in this case, breath restriction through the gripping of women's throats and gagging during fellatio), as well as verbal references likely to encourage an interest in abusive sexual activity (in this case, comments suggestive of an incestuous relationship)

UK: Passed R18 for strong images of real sex after 50s of BBFC compulsory cuts for:

• 2016 Simply Pleasure video

• Cuts required to remove a title encouraging an interest in underage sex and to remove behaviour encouraging the restriction of oxygen during sex.
• The original title was No Swallowing Allowed 20: The Teen Edition

163m 36s. 6m 52s# Distributor was required to remove scenes of women choking during deep throat fellatio and two verbal exchanges containing under-age sex references.

• 2014 Simply Home Entertainment video
• 1971 cinema release

Note that R18s were still softcore in 1997

NC-17

UK: Passed 18 uncut for:

• UK 2012 Freemantlemedia/Revelation Harry Novak Collection 2 R2 DVD at UK Amazon

US: Uncut and MPAA NC-17 rated for:

• US 2002 Image/Something Weird Double Bill [with The Secret Sex Lives of Romeo and Juliet] R1 DVD via US Amazon

• UK 1986 European Creative VHS

• 2013 Argent Films/Shameless R2 DVD at UK Amazon titled The Nurse released on 21st October 2013
• 1976 cinema release titled I Will, If You Will

pre-cut

• 1986 Sheptonhurst VHS titled I Will, If You Will

pre-cut

• 1986 Krypton Force VHS titled Secrets of a Sensuous Nurse

58:43s unofficial pre-cuts

Not known
Not known.
214m 10s. Cuts of 1m 35s were required. The cuts were Compulsory. Cuts required to remove advertisements featuring youthful women for whom assurances that they are over 18 years of age cannot be provided.

by Tony Ward (Darker Enterprises)
With Jennifer Dark, Katja Kassin, Holly Wellin, Lexi Love, Kaiya Lynn.
Submitted in 2008, running time 90:00s
Cut by 5:50s. Cuts required to sight of sexualised urination and to neck grabbing

Cut by 19s in 2007 with the following BBFC comment: Distributor chose to cut clear sight of unsimulated oral-genital contact during fellatio for 18. An R18 uncut was available to the distributor.

Cut in 2006 with the following BBFC comment: Distributor chose to remove explicit detail from an '18' adult work (oral-genital contact during cunnilingus)

Cut in 2006 with the following BBFC comment: Distributor chose to cut sight of unsimulated oral-genital contact (cunnilingus)

Cut in 2006 with the following BBFC comment: Distributor chose to to remove images of real sexual activity (sight of clearly unsimulated dildo penetration of vagina)

• worldwide VoD at Hot Movies

•  2000 Sheptonhurst VHS

The BBFC commented:

Cuts required to explicit sexual detail, regardless of category.

• 1999 Sheptonhurst VHS

The BBFC had been oscilating about whether to ban or allow mediumcore R18s. This seems to have been 1 of about 7 titles submitted to try and sort what the BBFC actually were. Although the level of explicitness had been passed R18 before, this time it was banned, so the distributors took this decision to appeal.

• 1999 Sheptonhurst VHS

From comparison with the mediumcore R18 Version, this version was cut by at least 16:16s